Which statement about the timing of bonding between a parent and infant is most accurate based on current evidence?

• A. Bonding is determined purely by genetics.
• B. Bonding is a process not limited to a certain time period; it can begin during pregnancy or anytime after birth.
• C. Bonding occurs only within the first hour after birth.
• D. Bonding is complete once the baby is born.

Answer: (B)

Bonding is a process that can begin before birth and continues after birth as parents respond to the baby’s needs. Evidence shows that a pregnant person can form emotional ties to the fetus through maternal–fetal attachment, and these bonds can strengthen and evolve with time after birth through interactions like eye contact, talking, touch, and skin-to-skin contact. While genetics contribute to a child’s development, bonding is not determined purely by genetics; it develops through ongoing responsive caregiving and shared experiences. It isn’t limited to a single moment right after birth, nor is it finished the moment the baby is born. Instead, bonding is a dynamic process that unfolds over days, weeks, and months as the parent–infant relationship grows.