Which item is NOT listed as a factor influencing bonding?

• A. Time proximity.
• B. Planned pregnancy.
• C. Knowledge base of parents.
• D. Parental education level.

Answer: (D)

Bonding is built through direct, warm, and responsive interactions between the parent and infant. Time proximity matters because being physically close and sharing routines with the baby creates many opportunities for positive exchanges, allowing the parent to read cues and respond promptly. A planned pregnancy contributes to bonding by reducing parental stress and increasing emotional readiness, making it easier to connect with the baby from birth. A solid knowledge base about infant needs helps parents interpret cues correctly and respond in ways that reinforce the connection and trust.

Parental education level, while it can influence access to resources or information, doesn’t by itself determine the strength of the bond. Bonding hinges on the quality of interactions and responsiveness, which can be developed regardless of formal education level.