Which environmental exposure is a risk factor during pregnancy?

• A. Alcohol exposure and secondhand smoke
• B. Reading during pregnancy
• C. Regular exercise
• D. Healthy diet

Answer: (A)

Exposure to harmful substances in the environment during pregnancy can impact fetal development and pregnancy outcomes. Alcohol is a potent teratogen; even early use can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, growth problems, and neurodevelopmental issues, so any amount is often advised against during pregnancy. Tobacco smoke, including secondhand exposure, delivers nicotine and other toxins that can reduce oxygen to the fetus, increasing risks of miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, and respiratory problems after birth. Together, alcohol exposure and secondhand smoke are clear environmental risk factors that should be avoided during pregnancy. The other options describe activities or conditions that are generally safe or beneficial for pregnancy, not risk factors.